欢迎光临高思达制造有限公司

Abrasion -The damage caused by the scuffing or friction of a bottle or decoration against its package, or a bottle against an external object.
ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) -Blends or copolymers of polystyrene or styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer with butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber.
Accelerated Aging -A means whereby the deterioration encountered in natural aging may be accelerated and reproduced in the laboratory.
Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) -The maximum percentage of proportion or variant units in a lot or batch that, for the purposes of acceptance sampling, can be considered satisfactory as a process average.
Accumulator-An auxiliary cylinder and piston (plunger) mounted on injection molding or bottle blowing machines. It is used to provide extremely fast molding cycles. The accumulator cylinder is filled (during the time between parison deliveries or "shots") with melted plastic coming from the main (primary) extruder. The molten plastic is stored or "accumulated" in this auxiliary cylinder until the next parison is required. At that time, the piston in the accumulator cylinder forces the molten plastic into the dies that form the parison.
Acetal Resins -The molecular structure of the polymer is that of linear acetal, consisting of unbranched polyoxmethylene chains.
Acrylic- Polymethylmethacralate.
Acrylonitrile -A monomer with the structure (CH2=CHCN). Its copolymer with butadiene is nitrile rubber, and several copolymers with styrene exist that are tougher than polystyrene. Its homopolymer is also used as a synthetic fiber .
Adsorption -The adhesion of the moleclues of gases, dissolved substances, or liquids (in more or less concentrated form) to the surfaces of solids or liquids with which they are in contact.
Aesthetics -The sum total of the visual response to the appearance of a bottle. Elements of aesthetics may include: color, shape, or particular features of the bottle. In packages, the texture or "feel" of the bottle may also be part of the appeal to desirable responses.
Aging (Also see Artificial Aging) -The physical and/or chemical change of a material with respect to time, under defined environmental conditions.
Amorphous Phase -Devoid of crystallinity; no definite order. At processing temperature, the plastic is normally in the amorphous state.
Annealing- A process of holding a material at a temperature near, but below, its melting point; the objective being to permit stress relaxation without distortion of shape. It is often used on moldsed bottles to relieve stresses set up by flow into the molds.
Antioxidant-A chemical substance that can be added to a plastic resin to minimize or prevent the effects of oxygen attack on the plastic (e.g., yellowing or degradation). Such chemical attack by oxygen may render a plastic brittle or cause it to lose desired mechanical properties.
Antistatic Agent-A chemical substance that can be applied to the surface of a plastic bottle, or incorporated in the plastic from which the bottle is to be made. Its function is to render the surface of the plastic bottle less susceptible to accumulation of electrostatic dirt or dust on the surface of the plastic bottle.
Artificial Aging (Also see Aging) -The exposure of the plastic bottle (with or without product in it) to conditions which "accelerate" the effects of time. Such means include heating, exposure to cold, flexing, exposure to chemicals, ultraviolet lights, etc. Typically the conditions chosen for such testing reflect the conditions under which the plastic bottle will be used. The length of time the bottle is exposed to these test conditions is generally relatively short. Properties such as dimensional stability, mechanical fatigue, chemical resistance, stress crack resistance, etc., are evaluated.
Autoclave -Steam sterilization normally conducted at 250 at 30lbs. of pressure for 30 minutes in a closed vessel.
Average Molecular Weight- Plastics (polymers) are long, chain-like structures. The number of units which comprise an individual chain varies from chain to chain. Average Molecular Weight indicates chain length of the most typical chain in a given plastic; it is neither the longest chain nor the shortest.
Average Wall Thickness-A number obtained by adding the thick and thin wall section and dividing by two. Average Wall Thickness does not describe the distribution of plastic material in a bottle.

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Back Pressure -The resistance to the forward flow of molten material.
Backing Plate- In injection molding equipment, a heavy steel plate that is used as a support for the cavity blocks, guide pins, bushings, etc. In blow molding equipment, it is the steel plate on which the cavities (i.e. the bottle molds) are mounted.
Barrel (Extruder) -In injection molding or bottle blowing equipment, it is the hollow tube in which the plastic material is gradually heated and melted and from which it is extruded. Inside the barrel is a helical screw which compresses and moves the plastic from one end of the barrel to the other in the course of melting the plastic.
Barrier-A layer of material designed to limit the migration or infiltration of undesirable elements into the bottle or to prevent the loss of desirable elements from the bottle.
Barrier Bottle -A bottle which is co-extruded, treated or fabricated from barrier material to contain products such as industrial chemicals or food products.
Base Radius (Also see Heel Radius) -It is that radius at the base of a bottle which connects the body (or wall) of the bottle with the bottom bearing surface of the bottle. It varies in size, depending on the design and geometry of the bottle.
Bleed- To give up color when in contact with water or a solvent; undesired movement of certain materials in a plastic (e.g., plasticizers in vinyl) to the surface of the finished bottle or into an adjacent material. (Also called migration).
Bloom - (1) A surface coating on a plastic bottle that comes from ingredients such as plasticizers, lubricants, antistatic agents, etc., which are incorporated, into the plastic resin. It is not always visible. "Bloom" is the result of ingredients coming out of "solution" in the plastic and migrating to the surface of the plastic. (2) Also used to describe an increase in diameter of the parison as it comes from the extruder die(s) in the blow molding process.
Blow molding -A method of fabrication in which a hot plastic parison (hollow tube) is placed between the two halves of a molds (cavity) and forced to assume the shape of the molds cavity by use of internal pressure (usually air).
Blow Pin -It is a tubular tool through which pressure is introduced into the parison to create the air pressure necessary to form the parison into the shape of the molds. In some blow molding systems, it is a part of, or an extension of, the core pin.
Blow Pressure- The pressure required to form the parison into the shape of the molds cavity, in a blow molding operation.
Blow Rate -The speed or rate at which the air enters or the time required for air to enter the parison during the blow molding cycle.
Blowing Mandrel (Also see Mandrel) -Part of the tooling in a blow molding operation. It can form the opening in the parison and is also the means by which air is introduced into the molds containing the parison that ultimately is formed into a bottle.
Blow-up Ratio - The ratio of the maximum molds cavity width or depth dimension to the parison diameter.
Blunt Thread Start- A detail of thread design in which the start of the thread has been squared off; i.e., there is no gradual thread "fade-in." The blunt thread start is used as a means of orienting the bottle in a printing machine or labeling machine.
Blushing -A surface whitening or discoloration apparent on transparent (clear) or translucent bottles. It is the result of physically induced (e.g., by impact) or chemically induced phase separation of the (1 ) ingredients in the plastic molding compound, or (2) the molecular orientation of the plastic.
Bottom Blow - A specific type of blow molding machine which forms bottles by injecting the blowing air into the parison from the bottom of the molds.
Bottom Plate -That part of the molds which forms the bottom of the bottle.
Branched- See "Linear Molecule."
Breaker Plate -A perforated plate located at the rear of an extruder .
Bulk Density- The weight per unit volume of a molding compound as determined in a reasonably large volume. The recommended test method is ASTM 01182. It is not to be confused with the density of the plastic after it has been formed into a bottle.
Bulk Factor- Ratio of the volume of loose molding powder to the volume of the same weight of resin after molding.
Bumper Flats - A vertical section of the bottle, usually near the base, used to provide bottle-to-bottle contact that prevents bottles from tipping or wedging while passing through conveyors.
Burn Line -A dark streak of material in a bottle resulting from decomposed material dislodged from the extruder and incorporated in the bottle.
Burning Rate - A term describing the tendency of plastic articles to burn at given temperatures. Certain plastics will melt or disintegrate without actually burning, or will burn only if exposed to direct flame.
Bushing-The outer ring of any type of a circular tubing or pipe die which forms the outer surface of the tube or pipe. It is used in conjunction with a "Mandrel."
Buttress Thread- A design of thread profile (cross section) which takes the form of a truncated triangle or slight modification of that form. It is usually positioned so that the right angle is at the bottom of the thread cross section, and adjacent to the neck of the bottle finish. The horizontal leg of the right triangle is the bearing surface for a matching cap thread. It is designed to withstand maximum force in one direction only.
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"C" Dimension -Opening control diameter at top of finish.
Cap -See "Closure."
Capacity -(1) The rated amount of space inside a bottle provided for a given amount of product. (2) Also, the total amount of volume inside a bottle. The latter is more correctly called the overflow capacity.
Cellulosic -There are three major types of cellulosic plastics: cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate and cellulose actetate (usually referred to simply as acetate, butyrate and propionate). In these three groups are hundreds of different grades.
Center Gated molds- A molds wherein the cavity is filled with resin through an orifice interconnecting the nozzle and the center of the cavity area.
Charge -The volume or weight of material required to load a molds for one complete cycle.
Chemical Resistance - Ability of a material to retain utility and appearance following contact with chemical agents.
Child Resistant Closure -A closure that requires dissimilar motions which make removal by a child difficult and are subject to current government regulations.
Choked Neck- A narrowed or constricted opening in the neck of a bottle.
Chromium Plating -An electrolytic process that deposits a hard coating of chromium metal onto a conductive surface.
C.I.L. (Flow Test) -A method of determining the rheology or flow properties of thermoplastic resins developed by Canadian Industries Limited. In this test, the amount of the molten resin which is forced through a specified size orifice per unit of time when a specified force is applied gives a relative indication of the flow properties of various resins.
Clamping Plate -A plate fitted to a molds and used to fasten the molds to a molding machine.
Clarity- Freedom of haze or cloudiness in a plastic material.
Clearance -A controlled distance by which one part of an object is kept separated from another part.
Closure -A device used to seal off the opening of the bottle, so as to prevent loss of its contents.
Closure Application Torque -The amount of rotational force required to apply a CT closure to a bottle finish. A measure of seal integrity or tightness created by proper contact between bottle and closure.
Closure Removal Torque -The amount of force necessary to loosen, open, or remove closure from a bottle.
Closure Stripping Torque -The amount of force required to cause the closure and/or bottle finish to distort and override the matching closure-bottle threads.
CMA- Closure Manufacturers Association.
Coefficient of Expansion -The fractional change in length (sometimes volume is specified) of a material for a unit change in temperature.
Cold Flow-See "Creep."
Cold Shot- Starting up an extruder on a blow molding machine requires that temperature equilibrium be achieved sufficient to melt the plastic at a rapid enough rate to form a parison from which to blow the bottle. Before this is achieved, several incomplete parisons will be formed while cycling the machine during heat-up of the machine. These imperfect and unusable parisons are called "cold shots."
Collapse- Deformation of the bottle.
Color Concentrate -A measured amount or pigment incorporated into a predetermined amount of plastic. This pigmented or colored plastic is then mixed into larger quantities of plastic material 10 De used for molding. The "concentrate" is added to the bulk of plastic in measured quantity in order to produce a precise, predetermined color of the moldsed bottles.
Colorfastness- Capability of pigment in inks, stains, coating, dyes and plastics to retain its original hue without fading or running during use and storage.
Column Crush -A measure of the resistance of a plastic bottle to deformation under a vertical load, applied along the bottle抯 vertical axis.
Compound - The plastic material to be moldsed or blown in to final form. Included are the resin itself, along with modifiers, pigments, antioxidants, lubricants, etc., needed to process the desired properties in the finished bottle.
Compression Ratio - on a helical extruder screw, the ratio of volume available in the first flight at the hopper versus that available in the last flight at the end of the screw.
Concavity-A hollowed portion in a bottle or molds. Concentricity -For a bottle, various cross sections which have a common center are said to have concentricity.
Contamination- Foreign matter in a bottle. Continuous Parison (Also see Parison) -In the blow molding process, the uninterrupted formation of an extrudate that is subsequently formed into bottles. The cycling of the machine is so designed that continuous extrusion can be maintained; i.e., need not be interrupted while previously formed parions are being formed in bottles.
Continuous Thread (Abbreviated "C-T") -An uninterrupted protruding helix on the neck of a bottle to hold a screw-type closure.
Convexity -That portion or place on a bottle or molds which protrudes.
Cooling Channels -Channels or passageways located within the body of a molds through which a cooling medium can be circulated to control temperature on the molds surface.
Copolymer- See "Polymer."
Core Pin- Pin or blade used to form a hole in a moldsed bottle; also see Blow Pin.
Core Rod- A rod used to form the internal configuration of an injection blow moldsed parison or preform.
Coring -The method of sizing and shaping a bottle opening by appropriate tools.
Corona Treatment- Exposing a bottle to a corona discharge to increase receptivity to inks, lacquers, paints, adhesives, etc.
Crazing- Fine cracks which may extend in a network on or under the surface or through a layer of a plastic material.
Creep -The dimensional change with time OT a material under load, following the Initial instantaneous elastic deformation. "Creep! at room temperature is sometimes called "Cold Flow."
Crystallinity -A state of molecular orientation in some resins which denotes an orderly compact structure of the molecular chains forming the polymer. Normally can be attributed to the formation of solids crystals having a definite geometric form.
Cubic Displacement-Volume of space occupied by a bottle, measured in terms of its external dimensions.
Curling -See "Parison Curl."
Curtaining -The vertical draping of folding caused by extruding a parison which swells; i.e., grows in diameter as it is extruded. Because of gravitational forces, the parison tends to fold or wrinkle beneath the die as it descends.
Curvature- See "Parison Curl."
Cut-Off- The line where the halves (top and bottom) of a blow molds come together; the knife edges of the molds squeeze together and weld the top and bottom of the hot parisons. Also called "Pinch-Off."
Cycle -The complete sequence of operations in a process to complete one set of parts. The cycle is taken at a point in the operation and ends when this point again starts.
Center Gated molds -A molds wherein the cavity IS filled with resin through an orifice interconnecting the nozzle and the center of the cavity area.
Child Resistant Closure (Abbreviated "CR") -A closure that requires dissimilar motions which make removal by a child difficult and are subject to current government regulations.
Clamp -The part of the molding machine that holds the molds, keeps it closed while plastic is forced into the tools, and provides the motions that remove the closure from the molds.
Clamp Speed -Speed at which molds platens will open and close; controlled by operator.
Clamp Tonnage -Amount of force, in tons, that machine is capable of exerting on the molds. Insufficient clamp tonnage will allow the molds to flash at the parting line when the melt is injected at high pressure.
Clamping Plate -A plate fitted to a molds and used to fasten the molds to a molding machine.
Closure -A device used to seal off the opening of the container, so as to prevent loss of its contents.
Closure Lining Machine -A specialized machine that automatically cuts and inserts liners into closures, at high speed, utilizing a punch & die or specialized cutters.
Closure Height -The overall height of the closure proper. Measured from the closure top to the open end of the closure. May be considered in terms of "inside height" or "outside height."
Closure Mouth -The open end of the closure.
Closure Removal Torque -The amount of force necessary to loosen, open, or remove closure from a bottle.
Closure Skirt -The vertical wall of a closure.
Closure Stripping Torque -The amount of force required to cause the closure bottle finish to distort and override the matching closure-bottle threads.
Cocking -Mis-application of a closure to a container. Its appearance is uneven on the container or pulled off to one side, due to the lack of even downward pull of threads. This is normally caused by over torquing or an out of spec. "8" dimension container.
Coefficient of Friction -The ratio of the force required to move one surface over another surface, to the total force pressing the two surfaces together.
Colorant -Any substance that imparts color to another material or mixture. Colorants can be either dyes or pigments.
Cold Flow -Change in dimensions and shape of a material when subjected to stress, external weight, or pressure, generally at room or cool temperature. This process is usually responsible for "back off", or loss of torque over time.
Compression molding -A molding process whereby thermoset plastic material is dropped into a cavity and formed under pressure by a force. The process is primarily done on a rotary molding machine.
Continuous Thread Closure (Abbreviated "CT") -A non-interrupted spiral design threaded closure whose main purpose is to mate with corresponding bottle threads and provide sealing and re-sealing of the package.
Core -molds component which forms internal surface of closure, including the threads.
Cycle -The sequence of operations in a process to complete one set of parts. The cycle is taken at a point in the operation and ends when this point again starts.
Cycle Time -Time during which one molding cycle is completed. Comprises: injection of melt, cure, recoversy ' part ejection, and clamping for next shot.
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Design of Experiments {DOE} - A blueprint to conduct tests where questions that need to be answered are outlined, data collection sheets are prepared, analysis of data is planned, and limitation of the tests are known, all in advance. There are many types of designs available.
Dispensing Closure -a snap on or threaded closure which allows for product dispensing (and usually resealing) without removing the closure from the package
Dogs -The ratcheting lugs on the stripper bushing that prevent the closure from turning as the core unscrews from the closure.
Draft -The degree of taper of a side wall or the angle of clearance designed to facilitate removal of parts from the molds.
Daylight Opening - Clearance between two platens of a press in the open position.
Deboss (ed), (-ing) -Depressed design or lettering on the surface of a bottle.
Deflashing - Removing excess, unwanted material from a moldsed bottle.
Degradation - A deleterious change in the chemical structure of a plastic.
Delamination - Separation of the layers in a structure.
Deliquescent- Capable of attracting moisture from the air.
Density -Weight per unit volume of a substance, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter, pounds per cubic foot, etc.
Destaticization- See "Antistatic Agent."
Detergents- Substances which lower the surface tension of water and cause it to "wet" (spread) more readily. These substances are similar in some respects to soaps.
Die -Any tool or arrangement of tools designed to cut, shape or otherwise form materials to a desired configuration.
Die Gap -The distance between the metal faces forming the die opening.
Die Lines -Marks on the parison caused by damage or contaminated die parts.
Die Swell Ratio -The ratio of the outer parison diameter (or parson thickness) to the outer diameter of the die (or die gap). Die swell ratio is influenced by polymer type, head construction, land length, extrusion speed and temperature.
Dimensional Stability- Ability of a plastic bottle to retain the precise shape in which it was moldsed, fabricated or cast.
Discoloration-Any change from the original color, often caused by over heating, light exposure, irradiation, or chemical attack.
Draft- The degree of taper of a side wall or the angle of clearance designed to facilitate removal of parts from the molds.
Drop Test-Any test method in which the bottle being tested is dropped in a specified manner for a specific number of times or until the bottle fails from impact. Refer to PBI-4.
Dry-Blend -A free-flowing dry compound prepared without fluxing or addition of solvent. (Also called "Powder Blend").
Dry Coloring -Method commonly used by fabricators for coloring plastics by tumble-blending uncolored particles of the plastic material with selected dyes and pigments.
Ductility -(1) The extent to which a solids material can be drawn into a thinner cross section. (2) The ability of a material to elongate without fracturing.
Durometer Hardness- Hardness of a material as measured by Shore Durometer .
Dwell- A pause in the application of pressure to a molds, made just before the molds is completely closed, to allow the escape of gas from the molding material.
Dyes - Synthetic or natural organic solvents and characterized by good transparency and high coloring strength.
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"E" Dimension -The smaller diameter of the inside of the closure measured "thread to thread". Corresponds to the "E" (outside wall) of the container.
Ejection -That part of the molding cycle in which the finished bottle is removed mechanically from the molds.
Ejection System -System used to eject the moldsed part from the molds after it cures.
Equivalent Closure Liners -Closure liners that are composed of the same number of laminated layers, with similar thickness, and with the same facings in contact with the product. For example, Pulp/lSPE from Insulec ...and Pulp/FSM1 from Selig.
"E" Dimension - On a threaded bottle neck (finish), the measurement across the root of the threads.
Ejection - That part of the molding cycle in which the finished bottle is removed mechanically from the molds.
Elastic Deformation -The part of the deformation of a bottle under load which is recoversable when the load is removed.
Elasticity - The property of a substance which enables it to return to its original shape and size after removal of a deforming force.
Electronic Treating -A method of oxidizing treating a plastic surface, to render it printable, by subjecting it to a high voltage corona discharge.
Elongation- Lengthwise stretch of a material usually expressed as a percentage of its original length.
Emboss (-ed), (-ing) -Raised design or lettering on the surface of a bottle.
Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) -The susceptibility of a plastic bottle to crack or craze under the influence of certain chemicals, stresses, or other agents.
Etch -To treat a molds with an acid, leaving parts of the molds which remain in relief to form the desired design on the bottle.
Ethylene Plastics- Plastics based on polymers or copolymers of ethylene.
EVA (Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate) -Copolymers from these two monomers retain many of the properties of polyethylene, but have considerably increased flexibility for their density. Elongation and impact resistance are also increased.
Extender-A substance added to a plastic composition to reduce the amount of the primary resin required.
Extrudate -The plastic material delivered by an extruder .
Extrusion -The compacting of a plastic material and the forcing of it through an orifice in more continuous fashion.
Exudation -Migration of an ingredient in a mrial or product to the surface.
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FR- Fine Rib. The outside vertical ribs of the closure (as opposed to course ribs)
Facing -Usually a plastic film, bonded or co-extruded, to a resilient backing material, and in contact with the product being packaged.
Finish -Describes the seal area, commonly referred to as the land area, and thread area of the closure.
Fitment -A plastic component that snaps over the land area to function as an orifice reducer or' blocker.
Flash -Excessive undesirable plastic materials on containers or closures formed along molds seams or parting lines, as a result of plastic flowing into clearance between molds components.
Foamseal -A closure liner, made of expanded polystyrene foam.
Force -The tool used in compression molding that molds the inside and bottom outside of the closure.
Full Thread Turn -360 degrees
Fadeometer-An apparatus for determining the resistance of resins and other materials to fading. This apparatus accelerates the fading by subjecting the bottle to high intensity ultraviolet rays of approximately the same wave length as those found in sunlight.
Fill Point- The level to which a bottle must be filled to furnish a designated quantity of the contents.
Filler-A substance added to a plastic to make it less costly. However, fillers may also improve physical properties, particularly hardness, stiffness and impact strength. The particles are usually small, in contrast to those of reinforcements (i.e.); but there is some overlap between the functions of the two. (Also see "Extender").
Fillet-A convex curve or surface which connects two adjacent surfaces.
Fin- Excess material left on a moldsed bottle at those places where the molds or dies mated. Also, the web of material remaining in holes or openings in a bottle which must be removed in finishing.
Fines -Very small particles (usually under 200 mesh) accompanying larger grains, usually of molding powder.
Finish -(1) The plastic forming the opening of a bottle shaped to accommodate a specified closure. (2) The ultimate surface structure of a bottle.
Finish Insert-A removable part of a blow molds to form a specific neck finish of a plastic bottle. Sometimes called "Neck Insert" or "Neck Ring."
Fitment-A device used to accomplish a certain purpose, such as an orifice reducer, dropper, sprinkler, powder shaker, etc.
Flame Treatment-A method of rendering inert thermoplastic bottles receptive to inks, lacquers, paints, adhesives, etc., in which the bottle is bathed in an open flame to promote oxidation of the surface of the bottle.
Flammability -Measure of the extent to which a material will support combustion.
Flash- Extra plastic attached to a molding along the parting line; it must be removed before the part can be considered finished.
Flow- A qualitative description of the fluidity of a plastic material during the process of molding.
Flow Marks (Also see " Flow Lines") -Wavy surface appearance caused by improper flow of the resin into the molds.
Fluorescent Pigments- Pigments which absorb radiation of a given frequency and then emit radiation of a different frequency. Leads to a glowing effect.
Friction Welding -A method of welding thermoplastic materials whereby the heat necessary to soften the components is provided by friction. (Also called "Spin Welding.")
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G.P.I. -Glass Packaging Institute (formerly GCMI)
Gate -An orifice through which the molten resin enters the cavity. Small restricted opening which connects the runners to the cavity.
Gate -The hole in the tool that allows plastic into the tooling to form the closure.
Glued-in Closure Liners -Closure liners that are attached to the inside roof of the closure, by a hot melt adhesive.
Glued-On Closure Liners -A closure liner that is adhered to the sealing surface of a container, through use of either an externally applied adhesive (onto the container), or pressure-sensitive adhesive coating (on the liner).
Grit Blasted -A method by which an abrasive is used to treat a molding surface.
Gas Transmission -The movement of gas through a plastic film or wall at a specified temperature, pressure and relative humidity.
Gate -An orifice through which the molten resin enters the cavity.
Gel- Generally a small undispersed resin particle which, because of chemical structure differences, does not process exactly like the surrounding resin.
Gloss -The shine or luster of the surface of a material.
Grit Blasted -A method by which an abrasive is used to treat a molding surface.
Guide Pins- Devices to maintain proper alignment of molds.
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"H" Dimension -The vertical distance between the inside top of the closure at the sealing area and the bottom of the closure. This dimension is measured without including the liner or linerless feature.
HDPE -High density polyethylene.
Helix Angle -A measure of the inclination made by the spiral of the continuous thread closure in relation to the horizontal plane measured at the mean diameter of the thread profile. Angle of the flights on the molding screw, usually 17.28.
Hot-Melt Adhesive -Adhesive, solids at room temperature, which is liquefied by heat, applied molten, and forms a bond by cooling and solidsifying. Based on thermoplastic polymers, generally modified with resins and/or waxes. Usually in range of 250 to 400 F
"H" Dimension-(1) On a threaded bottle neck (finish), the measurement from the top of the finish to the point where diameter 慖" extended parallel to the centerline intersects the shoulder or bead. (2) The vertical distance between the inside top of the closure at the sealing area and the bottom (open end) of the closure without including any liner (if used), or "Iinerless" seal, ribs, membranes, or any other sealing elements.
HDPE- High Density Polyethylene.
Hardness -The resistance of a material to compression and indentation. Among the testing methods are Brinell, Rockwell and Shore.
Haze -The degree of cloudiness in a plastic material.
Head -The end section of a blow molding machine in which melt is transformed into a hollow parison.
Head Space -The volume between the fill level of a bottle and the overflow.
Heat-Deflection Point- The temperature at which a standard test bar (ASTM D-648) deflects 0.010 inches under a stated load of either 66 or 264 psi.
Heating Chamber-In injection molding of the machine in which the cold feed is reUUl,;tlU lU Cl hot melt. (Also called "Heating Cylinder.")
Heat Resistance -The ability to withstand the effects of exposure to high temperature. Care must be exercised in defining precisely what is meant when this term is used. Descriptions pertaining to heat resistance properties include: boilable, washable, cigarette-proof, sterilizable, etc.
Heat Stability -The resistance of a plastic material to chemical deterioration during processing.
Heat Transfer Label- A label applied to a bottle by transferring the label, preprinted on a substrate, to the bottle surface.
Heel- The part of a bottle between the bottom bearing surface and the side wall.
Heel Radius -The degree of curvature at the extreme bottom end of a bottle extending upward from the bearing surface. Also called "Base Radius."
Helix Angle -The measure of inclination of the thread, from a plane perpendicular to the vertical centerline of the thread finish. Hermetic Seal- A seal that will exclude air and will be gas tight at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressures.
Hob -The tool used in hobbing.
Hobbing- Forming molds cavities by forcing a hob into cavity blanks of a softer material.
Homogeneous- Of the same composition or construction throughout.
Homopolymer- See "Polymer."
Hopper- Feed resevoir into which molding powder is loaded and from which it falls into a molding machine or extruder, sometimes through a metering device.
Hopper Dryer- A combination feeding and drying device for extrusion and injection molding of thermoplastics. Hot air flows upward through the hopper containing the feed pellets.
Hot Stamping- Engraving operations for making plastics in which roll leaf is stamped with heated metal dies onto the bottle. Ink compounds can also be used. By means of felt rolls, ink is supplied to type and by means of heat and pressure. type is impressed into the bottle, leaving the marking compound in the identification.
Hygroscopic- Tending to absorb moisture.
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"I" Dimension -The diameter of the opening of the container measured from inside wall to inside wall.
Immediate Removal Torque -The torque required to unscrew a closure shortly (optimally within 15 minutes) after closure application.
Induction Seal Liners -A specialized laminate containing aluminum foil, and a plastic heat sealable film, which hermetically seals a container through use of an "Induction Cap sealing Machine."
Interference -A condition where an exterior diameter in the finish area of the bottle is larger than the mating interior diameter of the closure.
Internal Threads -Threads of the interior of the closure.
Interrupted Threads -Threads on the closure that are not continuous, having gaps. Normally used in beverage closures. Thread on (neck) finish of bottles in which, the thread has gaps or discontinuities; the gaps being at the parting line of the mol
Injection molds -A molds into which a plasticized material is introduced from an exterior heating cylinder.
Injection molding -A process by which a plasticized material is forced into a molds.
Injection Unit -The part of the molding machine that melts the material, mixes in the color and additives, and injects the plastic into the molds.
I'L" Style Thread -Commonly referred to an all purpose or balanced thread. Designed with a 30-degree pressure angle.
"I" Dimension-A specified minimum dimension inside the bottle neck that will allow sufficient clearance for filler tubes to enter the bottle neck.
Impact Modifier- See "Filler."
Impact Strength- (1) The ability of a material to withstand shock loading. (2) The work done in fracturing, under shock loading, a specified test specimen in a specified manner .
Inhibitor-A substance that slows down chemical reaction. Inhibitors are sometimes used in certain types of monomers and resins to prolong storage life.
Injection Blow molding -A blow molding process in which the parison to be blown is formed by injection molding.
Injection molds- A molds into which a plasticated material is introduced from an exterior heating cylinder.
In-molds Labeling (I.M.L.) - A process in which a label is placed in the molds and then the parison is blown to form a labeled bottle.
Inorganic Pigments- Natural or synthetic metallic oxides, sulfides and other salts, calcined during processing at 1200?to 2100. They are outstanding in heat-and-light stability, weather resistance, and migration resistance.
Interrupted Thread -Thread on (neck) finish of bottles in which the thread has gaps or discontinuities, the gaps being at the parting line of the molds.
Intrinsic Viscosity (I. V.) - A solution viscosity measurement directly related to polymer molecular weight.
Ilonomer Resins -A polymer which has ethylene as its major component, but containing both covalent and ionic bonds. The polymer exhibits very strong interchain ionic forces. The anions hang from the hydrocarbon chain and the cations are metallic; sodium, potassium, magnesium. These resins have many of the same factors as polyethylene plus high transparency, tenacity, resilience and increased resistance to oils, greases and solvents. Fabrication is carried out as with polyethylene.
Irradiation (Atomic) -As applied to plastics, refers to bombardment with a variety of subatomic particles, generally alpha-, beta-, or gamma rays. Atomic irradiation has been used to initiate polymerization and copolymerization of plastics and in some cases to bring about changes in the physical proper plastic material.
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Jetting -A turbulent flow in the resin melt caused by an undersized gate or where a thin section becomes thicker.
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Kirksite -Zinc alloy for the construction of blow molds; it imparts a high degree of heat conductivity to the molds.
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Land -The lip of the container to which the closure liner or land seal linerless feature compresses or conforms to tolerance.
Liner -A disk of paper, cork, foam, plastic, etc., retained in a closure to provide a flexible barrier between the closure and the sealing surface of the container.
Liner Well -The space in the closure provided for a liner when required.
Linerless Closure -A thermoplastic closure incorporating a moldsed-in sealing feature, which, when applied to a container with the appropriate finish, seals most liquids within the container.
"L" Dimension-Measured from the top of the finish to the point where diameter "E" extended parallel to centerline intersects the bead (for example, SP-410 and SP-415 finishes).
"L" Style Thread-A type of thread contour (cross section) roughly trapezoidal in outline. The outermost part is radiused. This is a "general purpose" thread contour designed for use with either metal or plastic closures.
lids Ratio (Length to Diameter Ratio) -A term frequently used to define an extrusion screw which denotes the ratio of the screw length to the screw diameter.
LDPE- Low Density Polyethylene.
Label Panel - That portion of the body of a bottle to which labels are affixed or decoration imprinted. Land-See "Sealing Surface."
Lead- See "Pitch."
Light Resistance -The ability of a plastic material to withstand exposure to light (usually sunlight or the ultraviolet part of the light spectrum) without change of color or loss of physical and / or chemical properties.
Light Stability -(1) A measure of the ability of a pigment, dye, or other colorant to retain its original color and physical properties either alone or when incorporated into plastics, paints, inks and other colored films or surfaces, upon exposure to sun or other light. (2) Ability of a plastic to withstand the deteriorating effect of exposure to sun or other light dependently or of the stability of any pigmentation it contains.
Linear Molecule -A long chain molecule of two dimensional structure which may contain side chains or branches. In effect, structural units connected to one another in a linear sequence.
Liner-A disc of paper, cork, composition, etc., retained in a closure to provide a sealing surface against the finish of a container.
Up -The extreme outer edge of the top of a bottle intended to facilitate pouring.
Lubricants- Prevent materials sticking or improve processibility.
Lug- (1) A type of thread configuration, usually thread segments disposed equidistantly around a bottle neck (finish). The matching closure has matching portions that engage each of the thread segments. (2) A small indentation or raised portion on the surface of a bottle, provided as a means of indexing the bottle for operations such as mulU-oass decoration or labeling.
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Matte Finish -A coating surface which displays no gloss when observed at any angle. Also referred to as a "flat finish".
Mechanical Breakaway Bands -Closure that has a portion or section of the skirt perforated or weakened in some manner so that when the closure is opened, this section is designed to break apart and either remain on the container or attached to the closure to indicate the package has been opened.
Metallic Pigment- Particles or flakes of non-oxidized metals or alloys used as pigments to imitate a metallic appearance when added to a clear ink carrier and printed on a container or label. The most commonly used metals are aluminum, bronze, copper, and zinc.
Metallizing -Applying a thin coating of metal to a non-metallic surface. May be done by chemical deposition or by exposing the surface to a vaporized metal in a vacuum chamber.
Modified Buttress Thread -Commonly referred to as "M' style. Developed, with a 10-degree pressure angle, to offer more closure-to-bottle thread contact.
molds -The combination of molds frame and tooling components needed to form sure.
molds Frame -The plates and components required to direct plastic to the tools that form a closure and remove them from the molds.
Multiple Lead Finish -A closure finish that has two or more separate threads within the same space used for a single lead thread. This finish increases the thread pitch and angle and reduces the number of turns to apply the closure.
"M" Style Thread - A type of buttress thread contour (cross section) for use with plastic closures. The profile of the thread is roughly a right triangle. One of the two legs that form the right angle is part of the vertical wall of the neck (finish); the other is the horizontal bearing surface, against which the closure threads engage.
Mandrel- (1) In blow molding, part of the tooling that forms the inside of the parison. (2) In extrusion, the solids, cylindrical part of the die that forms tubing or pipe.
Manifold- A term used mainly with reference to blow molding and injection-molding equipment. It refers to the distribution or piping system which takes the single channel flow output of the extruder or injection cylinder and divides it to feed several blow molding heads or injection nozzles.
Mar Resistance -Ability to retain a satisfactory surface appearance when subjected to rubbing, scuffing, scratching, etc.
Material Distribution -A term which describes the variation in thickness of various parts of the bottle; i.e., body, wall, shoulder, heel, base, etc. Material distribution is controlled by parison programming, temperature of the melted plastic, bottle geometry, blow up ratio, etc.
Melt Flow- The amount, in grams, of a thermoplastic resin which can be forced through a 0.0825inch orifice when subjected to 2, 160 grams force for ten (10) minutes at 230, per ASTM D1238.
Melt Fracture -An instability in the melt flow through a die, starting at the entry to the die. It leads to surface irregularities on the finished article like a regular helix or irregularly-spaced ripples.
Melt Home- The amount, in grams, of thermoplastic material which can be forced through 0.0825-inch orifice when subjected to 2,160 grams force for ten (10) minutes at 190, per ASTM D1238.
Melt Strength -The strength of the plastic while in the molten state.
Melting Point- The temperature at which a solids substance begins to melt under standard conditions.
Meniscus -The free surface of a liquid in a bottle; for example, water in contact with air confined in a capillary tube. The meniscus may be convex (e.g. mercury vs. air in glass), or concave (e.g. water vs. air in glass).
Metalizing -Applying a thin coating of metal to a non-metallic surface. May be done by chemical deposition or by exposing the surface to vaporized metal in a vacuum chamber .
Metering Screw-An extrusion screw which has a shallow constant depth, and constant pitch section over, usually, the last three (3) to four (4) flights.
Migration of Plasticizer- Loss of a plasticizer from a plastic compound with subsequent absorption by an adjacent medium of lower plasticizer concentration.
Mil - A unit of measurement being .001 inch. Minimum Wall- A term that designates the minimum thickness of the wall of a bottle.
Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR) -The rate at which water vapor permeates through a plastic film or bottle wall at a specified temperature and relative humidity.
molds- (Verb) To shape plastic parts or finished articles by heat and pressure. (Noun) (1) The cavity or matrix into which the plastic composition is placed and from which it takes its form. (2) The assembly of all the parts that function collectively in the molding process.
molds Number- The number assigned to each molds or set of molds for identification purposes. The number is usually placed in that part of the bottle molds that forms the base of the bottle.
molds Release -See "Parting Agent."
molds Seam -A line formed at the point of contact of the molds halves. The prominence of the line depends on the accuracy with which the mating molds components are matched. Also see "Parting Line."
molding Cycle -(1) The period of time occupied by the complete sequence of operations on a molding press requisite for the production of one set of bottles. (2) The sequence of steps required to produce a bottle without reference to the time.
molding Pressure- (1) The pressure applied to the ram of an injection machine or press to force the softened plastic to completely fill the molds cavities. (2) For blow molding, see "Blow Pressure."
Monomer-A chemical compound which can react with itself or other monomer(s) to form a polymer.
Mottle -A desired or accidental incomplete mixture of colors or values of the same color, giving a speckled or indistinctly spotted appearance.
Multi-Cavity molds- A molds with two or more molds impressions; i.e., a molds which produces more than one bottle per molding cycle.
Multi-Layer Bottle -A bottle which is co-extruded with two or more layers to contain oxygen-sensitive foods or industrial chemicals.
Multiple Head Machine -A (blow molding) machine in which the plastic melt is divided into separate streams (parisons) each giving ultimately a bottle.
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Neck -Another term for the container finish.
Neck-See "Finish."
Neck Bead- Usually a protruding circle on the neck of the bottle.
Neck Down- See "Sag."
Neck Insert- Part of the molds assembly which forms the neck (finish). Sometimes called "Neck Ring."
Neck Ring-See "Neck Insert", "Finish Insert."
Needle Blow- A specified blow molding technique where the blowing air is injected into the hollow article resins.
Nitrile Resins- Polymers containing high concentrations of nitrile having outstanding barrier properties. Generally the constituents are greater than 60% acrylonitrile along with co-monomers such as acrylates, methacrylates, butadiene and styrene.
Nonpolar- Having no concentrations of electric charge on a molecular scale, thus incapable of significant dielectric loss. Examples among resins are polystyrene and polyethylene.
Non-Rigid Plastic - A plastic which has a stiffness in flexure apparent modulus of elasticity of not over 50,000 psi at 25% when determined according to ASTM test procedure D747.
Nozzle - (1) The hollow cored metal screwed into the extrusion end of an extruder or cylinder that matches the depression in the molds. This nozzle allows transfer of the molten plastic from the extruder or cylinder to the molds runners system and cavities. (2) A hollowed metal nose used in injection blow molding for the transfer of molten plastic from the manifold to the parison cavity.
Nylon -The generic name for polyamides.
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Orifice -An opening in a plug, fitment, or dispensing cap through which the product is dispensed.
Oblong- A particular shape. A bottle which has a rectangular cross-section perpendicular to the major axis.
Offset (Printing) -A printing technique in which ink is transferred from a reservoir to a printing plate; from the inked printing plate the image is printed on a cylindrical rubber roll (blanket) and then transferred to the object to be printed.
Olefins -A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons of the general formula CNH2n, and named after the corresponding paraffins by the addition of "ene" or "ylene" to the stem. Examples are ethylene and propylene.
Opaque -Descriptive of a material or substance which will not transmit light. Opposite of transparent, i.e. Materials which are neither opaque nor transparent are sometimes described as semi-opaque, but are more properly classified as translucent q.v.
Optical Distortion -Change in appearance of objects viewed through a transparent bottle, having certain defects such as waviness of surface, etc.
Orange Peel-An unintentionally rough bottle surface.
Organic Pigments - Characterized by good brightness and brilliance. They are divided into toners and lakes. Toners, in turn, are divided into soluble organic toners and lake toners. The soluble organic toners are usually free from salt-forming groups. Lake toners are practically pure, water-insoluble heavy metal salts or other dye complexes precipitated upon or admixed with a base filler.
Orientation -The alignment of the crystalline structure in polymetric materials so as to produce a highly aligned molecular structure.
Orifice -The opening in the extruder die formed by the orifice bushing (ring) and mandrel.
Oval-A particular shape. A bottle which has an elliptical cross section perpendicular to the major axis.
Overflow Capacity -The capacity of a container to the top of the finish or to the point of the overflow.
Oxidation -A chemical reaction involving combination with oxygen to form new components.
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PAM (Pulp/Aluminum Foil/Mylar) -Generic name for SA66, Esterfoil 50, PA-6, Cosmetic Liner .
PE -Polyethylene
PE Foam or PEFM -Generic name for F217 or Sure Seal 222, made of a 3-ply co-extrusion: solids LDPE -LDPE Foam - solids LDPE.
PS -Polystyrene
PP -Polypropylene
PR -Plain Round. Surface finish of closure, which is usually glossy.
Pearlescent Pigments -A class of pigments consisting of particles that are essentially transparent crystals of a high refractive index. The optical effect is one on partial reflection from the two sides of each flake. When reflections from parallel plates reinforce each other, the result is a silvery luster, iridescent effects' and metallic sheen resembling natural or pearl. Effects possible range from brilliant highlighting to moderate enhancement of the normal surface gloss.
Pellet Scar -The characteristic mark caused by the pellet forming a skin when first making contact with the cavity during the molding operation, i.e. Compression molding,
Phenolic -Type of thermoset plastic.
Pitch -The number of turns a thread would circle the neck if the neck were extended one inch. This is commonly referred to as threads per inch. (T.P.I)
Plastic -(Noun) One of many high-polymeric substances, including both natural and synthetic products, but excluding rubbers. At some stage in its manufacture, every plastic is capable of lowing under heat and pressure. (Adjective) Made of plastic capable of flow under pressure or tensile stress.
Plastic Additives -Used to enhance the product, processing, performance, appearance and l or economics of the basic plastic formation.
Platten -The part of the machine that holds the injection molds or compression tools.
Plug - A closure that is pressed into a contained opening, which restricts product flow, by design, often referred to as an orifice reducer.
Polyethylene -A polyolefin composed of polymers of ethylene. It is usually a translucent, tough, waxy solids, which is unaffected by water and by a large range of chemicals. There are three general classifications: low-density, medium-density, and high-density.
Polymer -A high molecular weight organic compound, natural or synthetic, whose structure can be represented by repeated small units. If a single monomer is involved, a homopolymer is obtained. If two or more monomers are involved, a copolymer is obtained.
Polypropylene -A tough, light-weight polyolefin plastic made by the polymerization of high-purity propylene gas in the presence of an organometallic catalyst at relatively low pressures and temperatures. Type of crystalline thermoplastic polymer.
Polystyrene -A thermoplastic material derived from the polymerization of styrene (vinyl benzene); non-toxic, tasteless, odorless, good general dielectric properties; excellent water and weather resistance and resistant to most foods, drinks, etc., with the exception of essential oils, gasoline, turpentine, which will harm the material. Type of amorphous thermoplastic polymer.
Pop Value -The force measured in pounds to separate the tamper evident band from the body of the closure.
Pressure Angle -Part of the thread that comes in contact with corresponding bottle thread.
" P" Style Thread -A type of buttress thread contour (cross section) for use with plastic closures. The profile of the thread is roughly a right triangle. One of the two legs that form the right angle is part of the vertical wall of the neck (finish); the other is the horizontal bearing surface, against which the threads engage.
Paneling- Distortion (side wall collapse) of a container occurring during aging or storage, caused by the development of a reduced pressure inside the bottle.
Parison -The plastic tube formed from which a bottle is formed.
Parison Curl- A condition in which the parison curls upward and outward, sticking to the outer surface of the die ring. Balance of temperatures or orifice between die and mandrel will normally relieve this problem.
Parison Swell-In blow molding, the ratio of the cross sectional area of the parison to the cross sectional area of the die opening.
Parting Agent- A lubricant, often wax, used to coat a molds cavity to prevent the moldsed piece from sticking to it, and thus to facilitate its removal from the molds. Also called "Release Agent."
Parting Line -Mark on a bottle where halves of molds met in closing.
P.B.I. (Plastic Bottle Institute) -A division of the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.
PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) -A particular thermoplastic polyester.
PC- Polycarbonate.
Pearlescent Pigments -A class of pigments consisting of particles that are essentially transparent crystals of a high refractive index. The optical effect is one of partial reflection from the two sides of each flake. When reflections from parallel plates reinforce each other, the result is a silvery luster. Effects possible range from brilliant highlighting to moderate enhancement of the normal surface gloss.
Permeability - (1) The passage or diffusion gas, vapor, liquid or solids through a barrier without physically or chemically affecting it. (2) The rate of such passage.
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) - Known as thermoplastic polyester. Has the unusual ability 10 exist in either an amorphous or highly crystalline state. The crystalline state is necessary for extruding the material, and the amorphous state permits it to be oriented.
Phenoxy Resins -A high molecular weight thermoplastic polyester resin based on bisphenol-A and epichorohydrin.
Pinch-Off-A raised edge around the cavity in the molds, which seals off the part and separates the excess material as the molds closes around the parison in the extrusion blow molding operation.
Pinch-Off Blades -The part of the molds which compresses the parison to effect a pinch-off.
Pinch-Off Tail- The bottom of the parison that is pinched off when the molds closes.
Pinhole -A very small hole in a plastic bottle.
Pitch- (1) The distance from any point on the flight of an extruder screw to the corresponding point on an adjacent flight, measured parallel to the axis of the screw. (2) The distance from any point on a full depth thread contour to the corresponding point on an adjacent thread, measured parallel to the axis of the finish.
Plastic -(noun) One of many high-polymeric substances, including both natural and synthetic products, but excluding the rubbers. At some stage in its manufacture, every plastic is capable of flowing under heat and pressure. (adjective) Made of plastic; capable of flow under pressure or tensile stress.
Plastic Deformation -A change in dimensions of an object under load that is not recoversed when the load is removed; opposed to elastic deformation.
Plastic Flow - Change in dimensions and shape of a material when subjected to external weight or pressure, generally at room or cool temperature. Also known as "Cold Flow." See "Creep."
Plastic Memory -The tendency of plastics to return to the original moldsed form. Different plastics possess varying degrees of this characteristic.
Plasticity -The quality of being able to be shaped by plastic flow.
Plasticize -To soften a material and make it plastic or moldsable, either by means of a plasticizer or the application of heat.
Plasticizer Migration- Undesired movement of the plasticizer to the surface of a plastic or from one plastic to another.
Platen -The plates on which the molds assembly is mounted.
Plug-See "Fitment."
Pock Marks-Irregular indentations.
Polar- Union of atoms in which the chemical bond is electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged particles.
Polyallomers -Crystalline polymers produced from two or more olefin monomers.
Polybutylene - A particular polyolefin.
Polycarbonate Resins- Polymers derived from the direct reaction between aromatic and aliphatic dihydroxy compounds with phosgene or by the ester exchange reaction with appropriate phosgene derived precursors.
Polyethylene -A polyolefin composed of polymers of ethylene. It is normally a translucent, tough, waxy solids which is unaffected by water and by a large range of chemicals. There are three general classifications: low-density, medium-density , and high-density .
Polymer- A high-molecular-weight organic compound, natural or synthetic, whose structure can be represented by repeated small units; e.g., polyethylene, rubber, cellulose. If a single monomer is involved, a homo-polymer is obtained. If two or more monomers are involved, a copolymer is obtained. Some polymers are elastomers, some plastics.
Polymerization -A chemical reaction in which the molecules of a monomer are linked together to form large molecules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the original substance. When two or more monomers are involved, the process is called copolymerization or heteropolymerization. Also see "Polymer."
Polysulfone -A polymer containing the sulfone linkage. These thermoplastic materials exhibit exceptionally high temperature resistance and low creep properties.
Polyolefin -A polymer prepared by the polymerization of an olefin(s) as the sole monomer(s).
Polypropylene - A tough, light-weight polyolefin plastic made by the polymerization of high - purity propylene gas in the presence of an organometallic catalyst at relatively low pressures and temperatures.
Polystyrene - A thermoplastic material derived from the polymerization of styrene (vinyl benzene); non-toxic, tasteless, odorless, good general dielectric properties; excellent water and weather resistance and resistant to most foods, drinks, etc., with the exception of essential oils, gasoline, turpentine, which will harm the material.
Polyvinyl Acetate -A thermoplastic material composed of copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate; a colorless solids with good resistance to water and concentrated acids and alkalies.
Porosity -(molds) An abnormality of the molds surface. (Bottle) The quality or state of being permeable.
Post molds Labeling (P.M.L.)-Any method of labeling which occurs after the bottle is blown.
Pour-Out Finish -A bottle finish having uniform undercut lips as a sealing surface. Designed to facilitate pouring without dripping.
Preform -An injection-moldsed parison which is blow moldsed by a second step into a plastic bottle.
PP- Polypropylene.
Pressure Angle -The contact face of the bottle and closure thread form.
Pressure Sensitive Label- A die cut label that is applied from a web, on which it is carried, to the bottle by gentle pressure.
Programming -A process for changing the size, weight or wall thickness of the parison mechanically during its formation.
Prototype molds- A simplified molds often made from a light metal casting alloy or epoxy resin in order to obtain preliminary bottles.
PS- Polystyrene.
Purging -The forcing out of one color or one type resin by another from an extruder or cylinder prior to molding the new color or resin.
Push-Up -The recessed area on the bottom of a bottle designed to allow an even bearing surface on the outside edge and prevent the bottle from rocking.
PVC (Polyvinyf Chloride) -A thermoplastic material composed of vinyl chloride; a colorless solids with outstanding resistance to water, alcohols, and concentrated acids and alkalies. Classified as: Plasticized and Unplasticized.

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Removal Torque -The torque force, measured in inch-pounds, required to unscrew a closure from a container.
Resin -A class of solids organic products of natural or synthetic origin, generally or high molecular weight, with no definite melting point. Most resins are polymers
runners -Channel that connects the sprue and gate.
runnersless molds -molds that are designed so that the runners is heated and stays molten. runners is not ejected after each shot.
Reaming -A post-operation used to size the inside of a bottle finish.
Recessed Panel- A bottle design in which the area for labeling is indented or recessed. Also see "Label Panel."
Reciprocating Screw -An extruder in which the screw when rotating is pushed backwards by the molten polymer which collects in front of the screw. When sufficient material has been collected, the screw moves forward and forces the material through the head and die at a high speed.
Recycle (Regrind) -Ground material from flash and trimmings which is fed back into the molding machine.
Recycled Plastic -A plastic prepared from used articles which have been cleared and reground.
Regrind- A thermoplastic from a processor抯 own production that has been cleaned and reground.
Relief Angle -The angle of the cut away portion of the pinch-off blade measured from a line parallel to the pinch-off land.
Resin -Any of a class of solids or semi-solids organic products of natural or synthetic origin, generally of high molecular weight, with no definite melting point. Most resins are Polymers.
Rib -A reinforcing member of a fabricated or moldsed part.
Rigid Plastics- For purpose of general classification, a plastic that has a modulus of elasticity either in flexure or in tension greater than 100,000 psi at 23% and 50% relative humidity when tested in accordance with ASTM Method D747 or D790 Test for Stiffness of Plastics.
Rigid PVC- Polyvinyl chloride or a polyvinyl chloride/acetate copolymer, characterized by a relatively high degree of hardness; it may be formulated with or without a small percentage of plasticizer.
Rigid Resin -One having a modulus high enough to be of practical importance; e.g., 500,000 psi or greater.
Rocker- A plastic bottle with a bulged or deformed bottom, causing rocking of the bottle when in the upright position.
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"S" Dimension - The vertical distance from the top of the finish (land area) to the intersection of the finish wall and the first part of the thread where full depth exists.
S.P.I. - Society of the Plastics Industry
Screw and Barrel - The part of the injection unit that melts and mixes material.
Score Line - Area that the closure is cut or scored through the band and into the leaders.
Seal Area - Area in which the closure, when lining material is added, seals off on the bottle.
Seal Lip - The lip is located at the bottom of the seal area. Lining material should not extend beyond this lip area.
Sealing Surface - The surface of the finish of the container on which the closure forms the seal.
Sink Mark - A depression on the surface of a plastic container or closure generally caused by non-uniform shrinking of plastic.
Short - An area in a plastic part that is not completely formed.
Shot Size - The amount of plastic that must be processed and injected in the molds before one cycle
Snap Fit Closure - A closure that is held in place through the use of beads or undercuts rather then threads.
SM -SSmooth Top of a closure
Sprue - The section of runners between the runners channel and gate.
ST - Stippled Top of a closure
Stack molds - A molds with 2 parting liner that can double output without doubling machine tonnage.
Stippling - A decoration consisting of a system of closely spaced small dots raised on the outer surface of bottles.
Storage Life - The period of time during which an item can be stored under specified temperature conditions and remain suitable for use. Storage life is sometimes called "shelf life".
Stripper molds - Strips the closure thread off of the core (bump off). Does not unscrew from molds.
Stress Crack - External or internal crack in plastic caused by tensile stresses less than that of its short-time mechanical strength. The environment to which the plastic is exposed frequently accelerates the development of such cracks. The stresses that cause cracking may be present internally or externally or may be combinations of these stresses. The appearance of a network of fine cracks is crazing. Also see "environmental stress cracking" and "thermal stress cracking"
Stripped Thread - A CT closure thread that is designed to eject from a closure molds without the use of unscrewing. Its thread profile is typically "L" style.
Stripper Bushing - The tooling component that forms the surface on the bottom open end of the closure between the inside formed by the core and the outside formed by the cavity.
Stripping Torque - The amount of application torque that causes the threads of the closure to override the container threads.
Surface Finish - The degree of gloss, matte, or type of ribbing.
" S" Dimension - Locates the position of the bottle thread with respect to the top of the finish. It is a vertical distance from the top of the finish to the intersection of the finish wall and the top of the first part of the thread where full depth contour exists.
"S1" Dimension - Locates the position of the bottle thread with respect to the top of the finish. It is a vertical distance from the top of the finish to intersection of the finish wall ("E" Diameter) bottom of the thread form where full depth contour exists. This dimension influences the amount or thread engagement and closure orientation.
Sag - The local extension of the parison (often near the die face) due to gravitational forces during extrusion. This causes necking-down of the parison.
SAN (Styrene Acrylonitrile) - Thermoplastic copolymer with good stiffness, scratch, chemical and stress-crack resistance.
Scar - The characteristic mark caused by the pinch-off operation.
Screen Pack - A screen or layers of screens supported by a breaker plate, usually located between the extruder and the die head.
Scuff - See "Abrasion".
Sealing Surlace - The surface of the finish of the container on which the closure forms the seal.
Seam - See "molds Seam."
Section - An identifiable part of a bottle.
Semi-rigid Plastic- For purposes of general classification, a plastic that has a modulus of elasticity either in flexure or in tension of between 10,000 and 100,000 psi at 23% and 50% relative humidity when tested in accordance with ASTM Method D747 and D790 Test for Stiffness of Plastics.
Set - (1) The final form a material assumes in the transition from its plastic (fluid) state to a condition of desired solidsity. (2) (verb) Generally, to reach a state of set; to harden.
Shark Skin - A surface irregularity of a container in the form of finely-spaced sharp ridges caused by relaxation effect of the melt at the die exit. Also see "Melt Fracture", "Orange Peel."
Shear - An action resulting from applied forces which causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slides relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their place of contact.
Shear Strength - (1) The ability of a material to withstand shear stress. (2) The stress at which a material fails in shear.
Shelf Life - The length of time that a bottle, will remain in a saleable or acceptable condition under specified conditions of storage. Also known as Storage Life.".
Shot - The yield from one complete molding cycle, including scrap.
Shot Capacity - The maximum weight of material which an accumulator can push out with one forward stroke of the ram.
Shoulder - That part of a bottle between the main body and the neck (finish).
Shrink Mark - An imperfection, a depression in the surface of a moldsed bottle where it has retracted from the molds.
Shrinkage - The decrease in dimension which a bottle undergoes after being moldsed. Generally caused by cooling and subsequent contraction of the plastic material. Also see "molding Shrinkage."
Silk Screen Printing (Screen Process Decorating) - This printing method, in its basic form, involves laying a pattern of an insoluble material in outline on a finely woven fabric, so that when ink is drawn across the screen, it is able to pass through the screen in the desired areas only.
Sink Mark - See "Shrink Mark."
Skirt - The vertical wall of a closure cap below the shoulder.
Sleeve Label - A decorated, plastic sleeve that fits over and on plastic bottles.
Specific Gravity -The density (mass per unit volume) of any material divided by that of water at a standard temperature, usually 4癈. Since water抯 density is nearly 1.00 g/cc, density in g/cc and specific gravity are numerically nearly equal.
Spider - (1) In a molding press, that part of an injection mechanism which operates the ejector pins. (2) In extrusion, a term used to denote the membranes supporting a mandrel within the head/die assembly.
Spider Lines - Vertical marks on the parison or bottle caused by the spider.
Spin Welding - A process of fusing two objects by forcing them together while one of the pair is spinning, until frictional heat melts the interface.
Stabilizer - An ingredient used in the formulation of plastics to assist in maintaining the physical and chemical properties of the compound materials at their initial values throughout the processing and service life of the materials.
Static Electricity - Charges of electricitv which sometimes develop in bottles during handling or in machine operation. May cause undesired dust attraction, sparking, etc.
Stiffness - Rigidity; resistance to bending.
Stippling - A decoration consisting of a system of closely spaced small dots raised on the outer surface of bottles.
Storage Life - The period of time during which an item can be stored under specified temperature conditions and remain suitable for use. Storage Life is sometimes called "Shelf Life."
Stress Crack - External or internal crack in plastic caused by tensile stresses less than that of its short time mechanical strength. The development of such cracks is frequently accelerated by the environment to which the plastic is exposed. The stresses which cause cracking may be present internally or externally or may be combinations of these stresses. The appearance of a network of fine cracks in crazing. Also see "Environmental Stress Cracking" and "Thermal Stress Cracking."
Striation - A longitudinal line in the parison or bottle due to a disturbance in the melt path.
Surface Treating - Any method of treating a plastic so as to alter the surface and render it receptive to inks, paints, lacquers and adhesives, such as chemical, flame or electronic treating.
Surfactant - A wetting agent.
Surging - Unstable pressure build-up in an extruder leading to variable throughput and waviness of the parison.
Sweating - Exudation of small drops of liquid, usually a plasticizer or softener, on the surface of a plastic part.
Swelling Resistance - Ability of a plastic to resist increase in size due to contact with chemical agents.
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"T" Dimension - The larger diameter of the inside of the closure measured "wall to wall". Corresponds to the "T" dimension (thread) of the container.
T .P .I. - Threads per Inch, see pitch.
Tamper Band - The tamper-evident feature of the closure. Usually connected to the closure skirt by leaders or bridges.
Tamper Evident Breakaway Band Closure -Designed to reveal that removal of the closure has been attempted. The section of the closure skirt that is weakened or perforated in some manner that when the closure is opened that section is designed to either remain on the container or stay partially attached to the closure.
Tamper Evident Closure -A closure or liner system that incorporates a feature that visually indicates that the closure has been removed or the product has been exposed. Removal of the closure or liner system activates the indicating feature.
Tamper Evident Tear Band -Designed to reveal that removal of the closure had been attempted. This closure has a band, normally with a tab for grasping, designed to be detached by the consumer.
Tamper Proof - In theory, a package that cannot be tampered with.
Thermoplastic - (Adjective) Capable of being repeatedly softened by heat and hardened by cooling. (Noun) A material that will repeatedly soften when heated and harden when cooled. Most polymers user I
"T" Dimension - The outside diameter of the thread helix on a bottle finish.
Tail Scar - See "Scar."
Tamper Evident Closure - A closure that incorporates a feature (such as a separable band) that visually indicates that the closure has been removed. Removal of the closure activates the indicating feature.
Tensile Strength - The resistance of a material to longitudinal tension stress.
Thermal Conductivity - Ability of a material to conduct heat.
Thermal Degradation - Deterioration by heat.
Thermal Stress Cracking (TSC) - Crazing and cracking of some thermoplastic polymers which results from over-exposure to elevated temperatures.
Thermoplastic - (adjective) Capable of being repeatedly softened by heat and hardened by cooling. (noun) A material that will repeatedly soften when heated and harden when cooled. Most polymers used for bottles are thermoplastics.
Thermoset - A material that will undergo or has undergone a chemical reaction by the action of heat, catalysts, ultra-violet light, etc., leading to a relatively infusible and cross-linked state. Typical of the plastics in thermosetting family are the epoxies, glyptals, melamines, ureaformaldehyde resins and phenolics.
Thread Engagement - The actual contact made by the closure and bottle finish thread. Usually specified in number of turns.
Tolerance - Permissible maximum deviation from specified dimensions or quantities or specifications.
Toner - Any of several dyes used to add a particular color characteristic (e.g., blueness, whiteness, etc.) to either a clear or pigmented plastic.
Top Blow - A specific type of blow molding process which forms bottles by injecting the blow air into the parison at the top of the molds.
Top Load - The amount of weight bearing on the top of a container. The term is sometimes used to indicate the maximum load the container will bear without permanent distortion.
Torpedo - A streamlined metal block placed in the path of flow of the plastic materials, thus forcing it into intimate contact with heating areas. Also called "Spreader ."
Torque - The amount of rotational force applied to a closure to seal (on-torque) or open (off-torque) the bottle. Usually expressed in terms of "inch pounds" and measured by means of a reliable torque meter.
Torque Tester - A type of torque meter used for measuring removal torque of screw caps. Can also be used to apply screw caps to a known predetermined tightness.
Torsion - Stress caused by twisting a material.
Translucent - Descriptive of a material or substance capable of transmitting some light, but not clear enough to be seen through.
Transparent - Descriptive of a material or substance capable of a high degree of light transmission; i.e., clear enough to see through.
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Ultimate Strength - Term used to describe the maximum unit stress a material will withstand subjected to an applied load in compression,tension or shear test.
Ultrasonic Welding - A welding method accomplished through the application of vibratory mechanical pressure at ultrasonic frequencies (20-40 Hz).
UPC (Universal Product Code) - A 10-digit, all numeric code which uniquely identifies product. The first 5 digits, called the manufacturer identification number, identify each manufacturer or organization controlling the label of the product. The second 5 digits, called the item code, identify individual items within the companies and are assigned by the manufacturer or organization controlling the label of the product.
UV Stabilizer (Ultraviolet) - Any chemical compound which, when admixed with a thermoplastic resin, selectively absorbs UV rays and minimizes chemical and/or physical changes that may be caused by UV.
Undercut - An indentation or protuberance on a bottle that in some cases impedes the withdrawal from the molds.
Unit molds - A molds which comprises only a single cavity , frequently a pilot for the production set of molds.
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Virgin Material - A plastic material that has not been subjected to use or processing other than that required for its initial manufacture.
Viscoelastic - A term that refers to plastics which "store" and dissipate energy during mechanical deformation. The term explains "Flow" of plastic materials under stress.
Viscosity - Internal friction or resistance to flow of a melt. The constant ratio of shearing stress to rate of shear. In melts for which this ratio is a function of stress, the term "apparent viscosity" is defined as this ratio.
Volume - Referred to as "Displacement"; also as "Capacity." (1) The amount of water displaced by a model of a bottle; used to estimate its capacity. (2) The amount of product a bottle is designed to hold; i.e., up to the fillpoint of the bottle. (3) Also, the overflow capacity; i.e., amount of product a bottle will hold when filled to overflowing.
Vent - In a molds, a shallow channel or minute hole cut in the cavity to allow air to escape.
Vertical Load - See "Top Load."
Vinyl - Informal generic term for any of the vinyl resins.
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"W" Dimension - The width (vertical height) of the bead on certain bottle finishes.
Waist - The portion of a bottle which has a smaller cross section than the adjacent areas.
Warpage - Dimensional distortion in a bottle after molding.
Weld Lines (Also "Weld Marks" or "Flow Lines") - A mark on a moldsed plastic bottle through a sharpened hollow needle which pierces the parison.
Wetting Agent - Chemical agent used to overcome reluctance of dissimilar materials, one of which is a liquid, to wet or mix, by reduction of the surface tension of the liquid.

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Yield Point - That point beyond which the stress in a material will cause a permanent deformation.
Yield Value (Yield Strength) - The lowest stress at which a material undergoes plastic deformation. Below this stress, the material is elastic; above it, viscous.